Bird distribution dynamics-African black oystercatcher in South Africa

The scope of Biodiversity Observations includes papers describing observations about biodiversity in general, including animals, plants, algae and fungi. This includes observations of behaviour, breeding and flowering patterns, distributions and range extensions, foraging, food, movement, measurements, habitat and colouration/plumage variations. Biotic interactions such as pollination, fruit dispersal, herbivory and predation fall within the scope, as well as the use of indigenous and exotic species by humans. Observations of naturalised plants and animals will also be considered. Biodiversity Observations will also publish a variety of other interesting or relevant biodiversity material: reports of projects and conferences, annotated checklists for a site or region, specialist bibliographies, book reviews and any other appropriate material. Further details and guidelines to authors are on the journal website (https://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/BO/).


Introduction
The objective of this series of papers on bird distribution dynamics in Biodiversity Observations is to report on the ranges of bird species as revealed by the Second Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP2, 2007 onwards) and to describe how their ranges have changed since the first bird atlas (SABAP1, mainly 1987(SABAP1, mainly -1991)), about two decades apart.
This series of papers is also made feasible by the development of two new standards for the presentation of maps, firstly pentad-scale distribution maps derived from SABAP2 data, and secondly range-change maps showing how distributions have changed between SABAP1 and SABAP2 (Underhill & Brooks 2016a, b).Because the papers in this series use these two new interpretations in the form of maps, the rules for interpretation are not provided in detail in each of the "bird distribution dynamics" paper series.

Introduction to the oystercatchers
Of the 9 extant oystercatcher species, two (22%) fall under Red list categories other than 'Least Concern'.The Eurasian oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus is considered 'Near-threatened' globally.The Chatham oystercatcher Haematopus chathamensis however, is considered globally 'Endangered'.The latter species has significantly increased over the last 20 years, possibly owing to intensive conservation efforts.However, even on islands free from mammalian predators, population sizes fluctuate, with numbers on one island undergoing a possible long-term decline (BirdLife International 2018a).A single oystercatcher species (Canarian oystercacther Haematopus meadewaldoi) that was endemic to the Canary Islands, is now considered 'Extinct'.There, a last specimen collection took place in 1913 and thereafter was reported to be absent from the islands by the 1940s (BirdLife South Africa 2018b).
The African black oystercatcher Haemetopus moquini (Figure 1) is not considered a Red-listed species globally or regionally but this endemic and iconic bird was expected to decline due to a variety of anthropogenic and natural influences.It used to be considered 'Near-threatened' regionally.However, due to conservation efforts and the spread of the alien Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the regional population increased (Taylor et al. 2015).These changes in distribution are evident in this paper and explained in more detail below.The assessment of changes in abundance for this species from SABAP1 (Figure 2) to SABAP2 (Figure 3) is somewhat complicated by intra-African migratory habits as well as more localised dispersion of juvenile birds (Hockey et al. 2003).

African black oystercatcher Haematopus moquini
A true coastal bird, Summers and Cooper (1977) showed that this species inhabits mostly coastal islands and to a lesser degree sandy shores and wetlands.The African black oystercatcher has received much attention from the scientific community before and after the start of the 21st century on all aspects of its ecology, and SABAP data paint a picture similar to what was found to be a western and eastern population of migratory and dispersing juvenile birds, respectively.
These 'western birds' were calculated to make up 36-46% of all juveniles born in South Africa.The western population's migratory individuals travel to nurseries in Namibia and Angola whereas the eastern population 'diffusion dispersers' travel within the South African The colours represent reporting rates, and the cutpoints for the different colours are the same as used for SABAP2 (see Figure 3).breeding range (Hockey et al. 2003).Recent and obvious range expansion into KwaZulu-Natal Province, has been well documented by Brown and Hockey (2007) and can now be backed by the range-change map displayed here calculated from more than 100 citizen scientist contributions (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Range-change map between SABAP1 and SABAP2 for the African black oystercatcher downloaded 21 May 2018.Red, orange and yellow represent quarter-degree grid cells with very large, large, and small relative decreases and blue, dark green and light green represent grid cells with very large, large and small relative increases.A count of the number of grid cells in each category is provided in Table 1.Only grid cells with at least four checklists in both SABAP1 and SABAP2 are shown.More detailed information on the interpretation of this range-change map is provided in Underhill & Brooks (2016b).
Whereas the western range-changes show as a mix of decreases and increases in distribution, the eastern range of this species shows mostly clear and large to very large increases starting from approximately 32 • South latitude and 29 • East longitude (Figure 4 and Table 1).Apart from the 'recent' increases in distribution northward along the eastern South African coastline, Figure 3 also shows a contiguous distribution of small SABAP2 reporting rates from this juncture northwards.This area of the coastline with smaller reporting rates contrasts with the generally larger reporting rates along the remainder of the South African coastline.
Possible reasons for this relatively recent and northern presence could be due to southern populations experiencing food shortages during the breeding season that result in seasonal dispersion (Kohler et al. 2011).Another possibility for the dispersion could be that carrying capacity on the mainland has been reached (Du Toit et al. 2003) inside the breeding areas where largest reporting rates are evident (Figure 3).Also inside the oystercatcher's breeding range, Table 1: Range-change summary for the African black oystercatcher between SABAP1 and SABAP2.Numbers (and percentages) in each colour category of Figure 4, for which there are at least four checklists per quarter degree grid cell in both SABAP1 and SABAP2.Also shown are the same summaries when the analysis is restricted to grid cells with at least 30 checklists for both SABAP1 and SABAP2.the alien Mediterranean mussel (Branch and Steffani 2004, Taylor et al. 2015, Zardi et al. 2018) serves as an additional, abundant and prolific food source (Hockey and Schurink 1992).This probably explains the largest reporting rates along the South to South-western region of the coastline that coincide with the mussel's distribution range (Zardi et al. 2018).

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: SABAP1 distribution map for the African black oystercatcher.Note that quarter degree grid cells shaded turquoise had no SABAP1 data or fewer than four cards submitted (Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, much of the Northern Cape Province and former Transkei).The colours represent reporting rates, and the cutpoints for the different colours are the same as used for SABAP2 (see Figure3).